The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis

The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis PTSD Related Conditions Print The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on August 15, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Frank van Groen / LOOK-foto / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Types of Psychotic Symptoms Mental Health Disorders With Psychosis Schizophrenia and PTSD Psychotic Symptoms in PTSD What This Means Treatment Is Critical View All Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations, often occur together. In clinical terms, PTSD is described as consisting of four clusters of symptoms: re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative changes in mood and brain function, and hyperarousal symptoms.?? However, some mental health professionals believe that the experience of psychotic symptoms should be considered as an addition to that list, given that they commonly occur among people with PTSD. Types of Psychotic Symptoms Psychotic symptoms can be divided into two groups: positive symptoms and negative symptoms. This doesnt mean that some psychotic symptoms are good and some are bad. Rather, positive symptoms refer to an experience, such as hallucinations, whereas negative symptoms refer to the lack of an experience. Positive Psychotic Symptoms Positive psychotic symptoms are characterized by the presence of unusual feelings, thoughts, or behaviors.?? This includes experiences such as hallucinations or delusions. Hallucinations refer to sensations of something that isnt really there. An auditory hallucination is an experience of hearing voices that arent there. A visual hallucination would involve seeing something that isnt real. Tactile hallucinations occur when you feel something that isnt there. Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations involve the experience of smelling or tasting something that isnt present.Delusions are ideas that you believe are true despite the fact that they may be unlikely or odd. For example, you might believe that the CIA is spying on you or that aliens are controlling your behaviors or thoughts.Disorganized behaviors are also very common with psychosis. You may, for example, make up words, speak in unintelligible ways, or stand in an odd pose. Positive Psychotic Symptoms Negative Psychotic Symptoms Negative psychotic symptoms are characterized by the absence of experience. For example, if you have negative symptoms, you may not be emotionally expressive. You may have difficulty speaking, may not say anything for days on end (called alogia) or be unable to accomplish simple tasks or activities, such as getting dressed in the morning.?? You may appear very unmotivated and withdrawn. Mental health professionals often refer to this lack of emotional expression as a person having a flat affect. Negative Psychotic Symptoms Flashbacks and Dissociation Flashbacks and dissociation occur commonly with PTSD, and though they are not psychotic symptoms, they share some features with psychosis, including: In a flashback, you may temporarily lose connection with your present situation, being transported back in time to a traumatic event in your memory. In a severe flashback, you may see, hear, or smell things that other people dont, consistent with a hallucination. Flashbacks often occur during periods of high stress and can be very frightening to the person experiencing them.Dissociation is an experience in which you feel disconnected from your body.?? You may not have any memory of whats happening in your environment for a period of time. The experience is similar to a daydream, but unlike a normal daydream, its very disruptive to your life. Flashbacks and Dissociation in PTSD Mental Health Disorders That Include Psychotic Symptoms These positive and negative psychotic symptoms may be seen with a number of different mental health disorders, including: PTSDBipolar disorderSchizophreniaMajor depressive disease with psychotic featuresSchizoaffective disorderSchizophreniform disorderDelusional disorder The distinction between these conditions is sometimes difficult, as there can be considerable overlap between different symptoms and conditions. Schizophrenia and PTSD Considering that schizophrenia is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses, its not surprising that some people may have both schizophrenia and PTSD. PTSD most commonly occurs after a traumatic experience, and it has been found that traumatic experiences are more common for those with schizophrenia than for the general population. A recent study, in addition, found that there is significant genetic overlap between schizophrenia and PTSD.?? Treatment for both disorders is critical, yet some physicians are reluctant to use some of the normal approaches. For example, using exposure therapy for PTSD might not be the best choice when a person also has schizophrenia, since exposure therapy may worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia. That said, studies have found that well-thought-out treatment can reduce the symptoms of PTSD. For those who have this combination of conditions, its important to find a mental health provider who is familiar with the treatment of both conditions. Psychotic Symptoms in PTSD Researchers at the University of Manitoba, Columbia University, and the University of Regina examined the data on 5,877 people from across the United States in order to determine the rates with which people with PTSD experience different psychotic symptoms. They found that among people with PTSD, the experience of positive psychotic symptoms was most common.?? Approximately 52 percent of people who reported having PTSD at some point in their lifetime also reported experiencing a positive psychotic symptom. Most Common Psychotic Symptoms in PTSD The most common positive symptoms in the study above were:Believing that other people were spying on or following them (27.5 percent)Seeing something that others couldnt see (19.8 percent)Having unusual feelings inside or outside of their bodies, such as feeling as though they were being touched when no one was really there (16.8 percent)Believing that they could hear what someone else was thinking (12.4 percent)Being bothered by strange smells that no one else could smell (10.3 percent)Believing that their behaviors and thoughts were being controlled by some power or force (10 percent) Not surprisingly, it appears that the more PTSD symptoms youre experiencing, the greater the likelihood that you will also experience positive psychotic symptoms. Researchers have also looked at which  traumatic events are most commonly related to the experience of psychotic symptoms. The events that put people most at risk include being involved in a  natural disaster, seeing someone  injured or killed, or experiencing shock as a result of a traumatic event that happened to a loved one. What This Means The experience of psychotic symptoms may tell the story of just how severe a persons case of PTSD is and how well he or she is coping with the condition. It may also raise red flags about the likelihood of potentially dangerous behaviors. It has been suggested that the experience of psychotic symptoms in those with PTSD may be connected to the experience of dissociation described above. Frequent dissociation may increase the risk for the development of psychotic symptoms.?? Studies have shown that people with PTSD who experience psychotic symptoms, as compared to those with PTSD who do not, may be at greater risk for a number of problems, including  suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts,  and greater overall distress. Its important for everyone with PTSD and their loved ones to know the risk factors and warning signs of suicide. Treatment Is Critical If you or a loved one who had PTSD is experiencing psychotic symptoms, its very important to seek out treatment. Positive psychotic symptoms can usually be effectively managed through medication.  Addressing PTSD symptoms in treatment may also result in a reduction of psychotic symptoms.

Marginal Female Roles and the Development of Plot in The Winters Tale and Gawain and the Green Knight - Literature Essay Samples

In Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale, the â€Å"death† of Hermione catalyzes the narrative development. Quantitatively, she plays little role beyond the first three acts, but the play revolves and eventually unites around her. It is, initially, her perceived flirting with Polixenes that begins Leontes’s jealous rage and sets into motion the play’s main chain of events. Hermione’s rhetorical wordplay and her use of the word â€Å"Prisoner† (1.2.52) present a familiar and possibly even slightly flirtatious character. The sense of Hermione wooing Polixenes into staying is picked up by Leontes and juxtaposed with Leontes’s attempts of â€Å"three crabbed months† (1.2.103) to woo Hermione. We can almost sense the bitterness creeping into Leontes’s words, emphasized by the plosive sound and implicit meaning of â€Å"crabbed.† Furthermore, his three-month time scale is contrasted against the relative speed with which Her mione persuades Polixenes to stay.Later, as she about to be imprisoned, her vivacity is diminished, but Shakespeare exposes her resolve, spirit, and strength of character. She repeatedly refuses to condemn Leontes as a villain, stating instead with absolute fidelity: â€Å"You, my lord, / Do but mistake† (2.1.80-81), and later, â€Å"You did mistake† (2.1.99). Leontes’s actions cause tumult among the court and protest among the attendants. The sense of injustice is compounded by Hermione’s pregnancy, and it is out of Leontes’s disposal of their baby that the main substance of the later acts emerge in Shakespeare’s deviation from the tragic model of Pandosto. The passion with which Hermione speaks during the trial scene is also particularly harrowing. Part of that effect is due to the delicacy of imagery: â€Å"My life stands in the level of your dreams, / Which I’ll lay down† (3.2.81-82); that line evokes W.B. Yeats: â€Å"I h ave spread my dreams under your feet / Tread softly because you tread on my dreams.† Hermione’s dignity is in absolute evidence when she details the wrongs committed against her: the loss of Leontes’s â€Å"favour,† the denial of â€Å"the first fruits of [her] body† Mamillius, and the title of â€Å"Strumpet† accorded by Leontes (3.2.94-102). These wrongs foreground her once more at the absolute center of the narrative and its subsequent progression. It is only the death of Mamillius and Hermione’s own â€Å"death† which bring about remorse from Leontes and change the power dynamic within their relationship. His earlier dispatch of Antigonus with what he believes to be a bastard child was also, essentially, an attempt at infanticide by proxy. Importantly, it is this female child who will grow up to unite both kingdoms through the political alliance of marriage; coupled with the reanimation of Hermione, she leads to the critical designation of the play as a tragi-comedy, or more frequently as a romance. Perdita’s is a relatively marginal role (and thought to be of marginal status until the denouement), though she is, in fact, the crucial reconciliatory link uniting the pastoral and the urban. Further, the character responsible for the resurrection of Hermione and the person to orchestrate her absence occupies another marginal female role: that of Paulina, who is initially Hermione’s most vociferous defendant. The idea of revelatory female intervention into narrative is by no means uncommon; we see it in a slightly altered form at the conclusion of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Morgan Le Fay is invoked as the cause of action within the poem: â€Å"She sent me on that errand to your noble hall† (O’Donoghue 56). This slightly odd invocation by the Gawain poet places the female spirit particularly the errant female sorceress who parallels Paulina prominently into the narrative. Le Fay’s appearance at this point in the story does not cohere with the rest of the narrative, though, and it may well be an attempt by the Gawain poet to tie the disparate â€Å"beheading game† and â€Å"temptation† plots together. Furthermore, that the object of Le Fay’s plot should be Guinevere, another marginal female character within the story, is odd. With Guinevere and Le Fay in mind, we can again assert that (despite being narratively unsatisfying) they are central to the story’s progression within the fictional world itself, if not necessarily central to the narrative. In fact, narratively, Sir Bertilak’s wife plays a far greater role. She inverts the conventional passive and active gender roles of courtship within the story, actively and provocatively seeking the love of Sir Gawain. She brazenly offers him the â€Å"welcome† of her â€Å"body† (O’Donoghue 1237), which is in stark contrast to the conventionally hard-fought battle for a woman’s love in chivalric romance. In this, we can see the familiar idea of the female temptress (with Biblical parallels) whose purpose is to trick the knight or throw him off course. Therefore, we can also see in these episodes an exposition of ideas about chivalry, chastity, and the correct manner in which a knight ought to behave. In particular, the wife becomes the archetypal desirable-but-unattainable female, who is usually married and for whom the knight will perform tasks. We can also trace echoes of Hermione’s attempts to keep Polixenes at Sicily, which Leontes interprets as a flirtatious wooing. Interestingly, Sir Bertilak’s wife is instructed, presumably by her husband, to make advances upon Gawain, which changes the dynamic radically from that of the jealous Sicilian spouse. We can see, therefore, Sir Bertilak’s wife’s role in maintaining suspense within the story: she poses the biggest threat to Sir Gawainâ₠¬â„¢s chastity, and in an attempt to stay her advances, he accepts a love token in the form of the girdle. Her role unites the plot’s conclusion with the episodes in Bertilak’s castle and gives context to what has taken place, with the three kisses mirroring the three axe blows. Despite attempts to recast these women in empowered roles, I still overwhelmingly feel that they are objects to be acted upon within these two works. I maintain that they are of fundamental importance to the development of the plots even though they never have true power or autonomy. Works ConsultedO’Donoghue, Bernard. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, United Kingdom: Penguin Books, 2006. Print.Shakespeare, William. The Winter’s Tale. Fourth ed. The Arden Shakespeare, 1963. Print.Stone, Brian. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Penguin Classics, 1975. Print.Yeats, William B. The Collected Poems of Yeats. Penguin Books, 1991. Print.

Scenario on the Sale of Goods and Unfair Contract Terms - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2355 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Contract Law Essay Did you like this example? This problem scenario is clearly referred to sale of goods act 1979 and unfair contract terms act 1977. The given three questions have been analyzed accordingly in separate three paragraphs. In the sale of goods act section 2 (1) it defines that what contract of sale of goods is as a contract whereby the seller transfers or somehow agree to transfer property in the goods to buyer for money consideration, which called as the price. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Scenario on the Sale of Goods and Unfair Contract Terms" essay for you Create order Mainly considering that point the question has been discussed. According to the question there are some aspects which can consider as the grounds on which bill may make a claim against Agro Ltd. This means consideration of Agro Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability under sale of goods act 1979 to bill. According to the given problem scenario the buyer, bill green is a keen gardener and a lecturer in biology. Sale of goods act however provides protections for Bill in four main sections. Section 12 points out that the seller be required to have the right to trade the goods. Section 13 points out that the goods sold by description should keep up a correspondence to the description. In section 14 it is noted that goods must be of satisfactory quality. Section 15, goods that are sold by sample must correspond to its sample in quality. From above sections, the section 14 is further limited in its scope. Somehow it applies only where goods sold in the course of businesses. According to sectio n 14, when the seller Agro Ltd sells goods in the course of a business then present an implied term which points out that the goods supplied are of satisfactory quality. If Agro Ltd was not selling in the course of business and was only a private seller then they fall under section 13 and not within section 14. Agro Ltd sells Apple Grofertiliser to bill. Bill before deciding to buy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple Groà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ fertilizer he looked at fertilizer on display, differing prices and read the promotional leaflets. First letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consider sale by description. According to section 13(1), it describes that wherever there is an agreement for sale of goods by its description there is an implied term which the goods correspond with the description. Sale by description means that a sale where the buyer that means according to the question bill green has not seen the goods and is relying on the description. But actually did bill not see the goods? He did look at several types of fertilizer. He studied the chemical composition of each fertilizer, given in the leaflets. But ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not clearly mentioned that the product of Apple Gro was there in the leaflets or not. He was given instructions and details of dosage rates after signing the sales invoice. A contract of sale does not become a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sale by descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ merely because a description was attached to the goods. The description must relate substantially to the identity of the goods. To consider how far must goods correspond to their description there is a narrow approach and a broad approach. In the case Arcos Ltd v E A Ronasse and sons[1] buyers to buy a quantity of staves, which they required, as the seller knew, for making cement barrels. Contract said the staves were to be  ½ inch thick. The staves were larger than  ½ inch thick. It was held that the buyer was entitled to reject goods for breach of section 13. In determining whether go ods correspond to the description there is also a broader common sense test can be applied. In the case Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill[2], the buyer had contracted to buy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"herring mealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for the purpose of feeding mink. They were provided with herring meal which was contaminated with a substance that made it unsuitable for feeding mink. It was held that no breach of section 13 because the goods were described in the contract as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"herring mealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and what the seller provided was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"herring mealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ although contaminated and not fit for the purpose. However what bill wanted was something cheaper. So the sales assistance recommended that bill should buy Agro Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple Groà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which was considerably cheaper. As section 14 of sale of goods act introduced satisfactory quality and section 14 (2A) defines satisfactory as meeting the standard to an ordinary reasonable person would consider as satisfactory taking in to account, description, price, and all other relevant circumstances. When it comes to whether goods fit for their common purpose it comes under section 14(2B). In the case of Aswan Engineering Establishment Co v Lupdine[3] it was held that goods satisfied the requirement that they be of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"merchantable qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This explains that if a seller knows that the goods are not fit for one of its common purposes, seller must make this known to the buyer. According to section 14(3) seller, Agro Ltd in course of business sells to buyer, Bill who tells Agro Ltd the purpose for which the goods are bought. And also bill partially rely on sellers skill and judgment. Frost v Aylesbury Dairies[4] illustrated even of seller could not have discovered the defect no matter how much he tries, he is still liable. Bill did not realize that rain could wash away the fertilizer and no specific statement to this effect was contained in the instructions. The fertilizers Bill had previously used were applied to the tree roots and were not affected by rain. This Apple Grofertilizer was sprayed on leaves and fruits. Section 14 (2B) states that the qualities of the goods include their situation and condition as well as the fitness for each and every purposes for which goods of the class are commonly used whether or not the buyer is a business or consumer. However above the grounds that bill may claim against Agro Ltd. If Agro Ltd is in breach of contract then it should be considered of the validity of the terms of sale in the invoice. Invoice contains exclusion clauses. These clauses usually and especially in standard form contracts contains to exclude or restrict liability of seller. Some exclusion seeks to negate terms that favored the buyer. When considering standard form contracts most companies use these forms when entering in to contracts because it is more efficient and convenient tha n having to discuss and negotiate terms with each individual customer. In this scenario there is a standard form contract. A clause is of no effect unless if it is incorporated as a term in the contract. It must be incorporated when the contract is made[5]. The buyer will find it difficult to argue that the clause was not agreed upon if it is contained in a document signed by him. It will not help him to plead that he had not read the clauses or was unaware of its existence. As with an unsigned contractual document, the method, displayed notices of incorporation will work only if at the time of making the contract the buyer, Bill actually knew of the existence of the term or otherwise reasonable steps had been taken to bring them to his attention. When Bill told he likes to buy the Agro Ltd gave the invoice. Bill paid for the fertilizer and signed the invoice without reading it. And also If, in the past parties have often went through contracts with each other upon the same terms (i ncluding exemption terms), then that course of dealing can incorporate those terms in to a later contract between them. Hence three necessities must be fulfilled before a course of dealing can incorporate an exemption clause in to a future contract. That are firstly the transaction between the parties must have been sufficiently numerous to constitute a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"course of dealingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Secondly the established course of dealing must have been constant. Thirdly the recognized course of dealing must not have been deviated from on the occasion in question. According to the question it says that Agro Ltd has number of retail outlets. Bill visited one of these outlets to buy fertiliser. In the past, he had always used a top brand, but was hoping to find something cheaper. But in this scenario ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not clear whether Bill only visited this Agro Ltd to buy something cheaper or whether Bill always went to this Agro Ltd manufacturers and this time he wanted something cheaper. Later Unfair contract terms act (UCTA) 1977 introduced to control exclusion and limiting clauses in general. The unfair contract terms act 1977 is a major landmark in the development of the law of contract. It deals with exemption clauses and it replaced and extended certain provisions previously in the supply of goods act 1973[6]. In that Act, Section 6 applies to any of the clause that claim to exempt the seller, that means Agro Ltd from any of the terms that are implied by section 12-15 of sale of goods act. The effect of section 6 depends upon whether the buyer was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dealing as a consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This act is misleading in that it also applies to non-contractual relationships. However UCTA refers to business transactions and consumer transactions. Exclusions are either void or subject to the test of reasonableness. Section 3 describes when liability arising under contract It covers consumer transactions or contracts where one party deal s on the others standard business terms. When it, covers breach where the party at fault claims to be able to give a substantially different performance or no performance. Such will be subject to the test of reasonableness. According to section 5 where loss or damage arises from defective goods for consumer use owing to the negligence of the manufacturer or distributor, the liability for loss or damage cannot be excluded or restricted. According to section 6 terms as to title cannot be excluded /limited in any type of sale. Other terms in sale of goods act 79(section 13, 14, 15) cannot be excluded/limited against a consumer.if bill is considered as a consumer then this cannot be excluded. But this can be excluded/ limited against a business buyer if reasonable. Therefore according to the problem scenario, if Bill was dealing as a consumer, then the first exemption clause may become void according to UCTA 1977. And the second clause has becomes unreasonable because there is no specif ic section for that in UCTA 1977. And the third exemption clause will also be void if Bill deals as a consumer according to section 3 of UCTA 1977. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ If we assumed that Agro ltd is liable for breach of contract of sale, and is not protected from liability by the terms of sale in the invoice, there may be remedies available to bill. Recovery of the purchase price, damages and specific performance of the contract are some remedies that will be available to the buyer, Bill. Bill however wishes to sue Agro Ltd for all compensation possible, including the purchase price of the fertiliser, loss of profit on sale of the apple crop, loss of prize money from shows, stress, and loss of the increase in salary he would have got on promotion. Can he really do this? According to the terms that Agro Ltd provided he cannot claim this much compensation. But the goods he bought were not fit for common purpose. In instructions also it was not clearly mentioned tha t rain could wash away the fertiliser. And also according to instructions bill sprayed his apple trees in July. So why cannot he recover damages? Under section 53 breaches of warranty and 54 Bill can recover damages in to some extent. However Bill cannot reject goods. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s because he already accepted the goods. And he already used the goods. Under section 54 considerations has totally failed and Bill can recover payments already made. However if court decided not to void the first term of the contract it will not be possible. Where the buyer, Bill accepts part of the goods and rejects the rest, he can recover any part of the price paid in respect of the rejected but must pay for the non-rejected goods. But according to the given problem scenario we cannot see any partial acceptance. Section 53 (3) prima facie the difference between value of goods as they are and the value they should have been in if the warranty had not been breached. In section 53(2) the measure of damages is as for rule 1 in Hadley v Baxendale[7]. When considering this as with the case of Bence Graphics v Fassons[8], F manufactures and sold to B some vinyl film. Once B received the film he would stamp it and turn it in to labels. A condition was that the vinyl and labelling remained in good condition for five years. Vinyl was defective so the labels degraded earlier than expected, so as to become illegible. B sought to recover from F the whole of the purchase price or alternatively an insurance to cover claims from end users. Damages assessed by trial judge under section 53(3) as measure being difference in value between goods on delivery and value goodswould have been if vinyl not defective. F applied. Appeal allowed and it was held that prima facie measure for breach of warrenty of quality under section 53(3) can be displaced where it had been in contemplation of the parties at time warrenty given that goods would be resold. The measure should be assessed on basis of actua l liability to ultimate buyer and as few of the sub buyers claimed, the loss was less than that worked out under the prima facie market rule. This is limb 1 of Hadley v Baxendale rule. As the conclusion we can add that even though there are exemption clauses from the side of the seller he may be liable if the terms not satisfy certain criteria as explained above. And also the buyer even though had remedies he cannot claim everything to his wish. From the acts that were established is more fairly helps to deal with matters from buyers side as well as sellers side. [1] Arcos Ltd v E A Ronasse and sons [1933] AC 470 [2] Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill [1972] AC 441 [3] Aswan Engineering Establishment Co v Lupdine [1987] 1 WLR1 [4] Frost v Aylesbury Dairies [1905] 1 KB 608 [5] Paul Dobson and Rob Stokes, commercial law: (8th ed.Sweet and Maxwell 2012)at p.184 [6] Paul Dobson and Rob Stokes, (note 5 above)at p. 192 [7] Hadley v Baxendale[1854] EWHC J70 [8] Bence Graphics v Fassons (UK)[1997] 3 WLR 205

The Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing - 2082 Words

In 2003, the Human Genome Project was completed. The project was an international research effort whose ultimate goal was to sequence the human genome and identify its genes. Upon completion, the Human Genome Project provided a complete sequence of the nearly 3 billion base pairs in the human genome. By essentially creating a blueprint of what makes a healthy human, we know what a normal, un-mutated genome looks like. That being said, genetic testing is now available to essentially anyone. While genetic testing may put us a great advantage scientifically, it could also be a set-back. Genetic testing is really helpful in medical circumstances but in situations where a person just wants to know what their genes say about them, it can cause†¦show more content†¦This is the most common and is done to see if a patient has a genetic condition that is making a person sick or may make them ill in the future. An example of this would be the BRCA tests. These tests test for breast and ovarian cancer. The mutation is the same genetic mutation in all persons affected by it. By doing the test, the results can help to treat or manage the disorder. Another type of testing is predictive or pre-symptomatic testing. This goes along with diagnostic testing where it finds genetic variations in a person’s genome in order to help provide information about a person’s risk of developing a disease. By having either a pre-symptomatic test or a diagnostic test done, it can help to increase a patient’s quality of life by allowing for treatment early on in the disease or even before the disease occurs. Many couples will have genetic tests done on their children before the child is even born. A type of testing called prenatal testing is offered during pregnancy to diagnose disease in fetuses that are at risk for certain diseases. While it may seem harsh, some couples do these tests and after testing use the results to determine whether or not they will have an abortion. Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal disease that results in destruction of the nervous system. The actual disorder is most common in children however adults can be carriers. A carrier is a person who carries the genetic abnormality for the disease but does notShow MoreRelatedPersonalized Medicine and Genetic Technology Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesAnd Genetic Technology Should We or Shouldn’t We? SCI 115 Some believe that personalized medicine is the wave of the future, while others believe it is tampering with the livelihood of human existence. Is this the key to future cures for disease or is this the door to ending our existence as we know it? Researchers have argued the pros and cons of personalized medicine and genetic testing. Let’s begin by getting an understanding of personalized medicine and genetic testing. 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Sexual Abuse Is Long Lasting And Follow A Person Into...

The effects of sexual abuse are long lasting and follow a person into their adulthood, which causes issues in forming strong and healthy relationships as adults. Furthermore, when involving a child and a parental figure, these issues become even more prominent, as they affect relationships both at home and in the future. Through her collection of poetry, Rupi Kaur expresses her own experience with the sexual abuse she experienced from her father. The first section of Milk and Honey displays how sexual abuse affects the way Kaur views sex and love, as well as the changes in her relationship with her parents. The following sections follow Kaur towards healing and learning to love herself. Milk and Honey presents the negative effects felt by†¦show more content†¦Through this peom, Kaur reveals the identity of her abuser to be her father. Kaur leaves out the identity purposefully because sexual abuse committed by family members is much more serious and comes as a shock to the r eader, and despite it happening in 3 out of 10 sexual abuse cases. People often think of perpetrators to be strangers or mere acquaintances. From this point on, Kaur ties together the idea of family relations with the effect of the rape. Family are meant to bring comfort and trust, and when that trust is betrayed, recovery is difficult. The strain that is put on Kaur’s ties with her family is apparent, not only through what her father did to her, but also through the words associated with her mother and father. Kaur describes the relationship between her mother and father as being one of another form of abuse, this one emotional. Kaur’s father often silences her mother, much as women are silenced in homes of dominating men. Kaur is â€Å" quote about inability to see if mother loves father†. This suggests the lack of love and trust between all three people in the house, as Kaur is physically dominated by her father and her mother is emotionally dominated by him. This further affected Kaur’s ability to speak out for herself or to identify warning signs of abusive relationships, as she has learned that abuse is normal. Kaur discusses the confusion of anger and kindness, which other victims of sexual abuse also tend to exhibit. This confusion causesShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Explaining Behavior Through Observation1719 Words   |  7 Pages Adolescent Psychology Term Paper Jamila Williams Tuskegee University Behavioral psychology is based on the concept of explaining behavior through observation. Behaviorists, psychologist that study behavior, believe a person can be understood through observing their behavior. This school of psychology assumes that we are born as a blank state and everyone is equal. 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PTSD can be caused by several ways, from geneticsRead MoreSexual Abuse Causes Long Lasting Effects That Follow A1771 Words   |  8 PagesSexual abuse causes long lasting effects that follow a person into adulthood. This results in issues in forming strong and healthy relationships as adults. Furthermore, when involved a child and a parental figure, these issues become even m ore prominent, as they affect relationships both at home and in personal life. Through her poetry collection, Rupi Kaur expresses her own experience with the sexual abuse she experienced. The first section of Milk and Honey displays how sexual abuse affects theRead MoreChildhood Sexual Abuse Left Untreated Can Contribute to2000 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood Sexual Abuse Left Untreated Can Contribute To Juvenile Delinquency and Psychological Disorders. Every year thousands of children are abused. This abuse can be physical, emotional or sexual in nature. 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Personal Statement Take A Deep Breath - 876 Words

Personal statement I’m pacing around, in retrospect,â€Å"Take a deep breath. I will be fine,† that how I implied myself in my first exam when I was a freshman in college. That was two years ago, how fast time flies. Thankfully, the college provided me ample opportunities to foster my passion, and the most precious things I learned were about interpersonal skill. In that ensuing years, I won two kinds of scholarships and involved in several extracurricular activities including performed in Global Fest, presented my Honor Program Project, volunteered in UW night market, and be an Economics subject tutor in Tutoring Center. Ultimately, growing up in this environment encouraged me to keep moving forward to achieve my desired academic outcomes and†¦show more content†¦Looking back, my undergraduate Business education in college has given me a great foundation to understand in that field generally and attracted me to find my current goal, to push me on to the next step. 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What’s more, that will help me further working and carrying out an idea that I have been planning for a long t ime: to be an business economist. Now, I want to master the skills of Business Economics, work to improve the processes of Economics practice, and successfully educate my clients so they are empowered to choose a better way. 6.The most important part ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Angela Lambert s Keep The Young Alive- But Let The Old Die 940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I have implored my children not to let me degenerate into a spoon-fed, geriatric foetus†. A very powerful statement made by Angela Lambert as a subheading for her article â€Å"Keep the young alive- but let the old die in peace†. The author’s intentions and arguments are very clear and specific to the reader, even before having read the actual article. Angela Lambert was a first-rate writer in a number of genres. She was a journalist for the Independent, a United Kingdom based magazine. 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Critically explore some of the issues that should be considered when conducting research in social science Free Essays

Research with children and young people is essential as it can improve the understanding of how they develop and live their lives, also it can add to academic debates and theories, and its outcomes can impact directly and indirectly on the lives of others in similar situations. â€Å"Data about children can only be understood by studying children†(Ross,1998:97) The best way to support the expansion of children’s studies for children is to enrol them fully in the research process. (Oakley, 1994: 26). We will write a custom essay sample on Critically explore some of the issues that should be considered when conducting research in social science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years, there has been rapid rise in research with children and young people and the increased respect and demand for children’s views and outlook in the society alongside the concern about ethics in social science when implementing the research Kellett (2010). Lansdown(1994) also supports this argument by stating that we do have a culture of listening to children . The chosen topic for this essay is issues that are to be considered when researching children and young people and vulnerable groups. The Relevant issues when researching with children includes ethics, consent, the legal structure, power relations and methodology. It is essential to consider and address issues appropriately. Social science research involved the collection, exploration and reporting of information about people and societies. (Yates 1998,p. 3) . There are several number of issues to consider when conducting research in social science according to Alderson Morrow(2007) like privacy and confidentiality, the right selection of participants, consent and the impact the research has on children. Research with children usually tend to emphasis on ethics which moral issue that influence the methodology used governed by the code of practises ( France et al. , 2000) as well as the issues of informed consent and confidentiality (Sieber, 1982) Participants might be harmed as a result of their participation as many vulnerable groups tend to experience distress when talking about their painful experience that happened in their past. (Cooper,1999). The possible harms may include death stress, guilt, reduction in self-respect or self-esteem, unfair treatment, withheld benefits, and slight distress.. Cooper,1999). Relationships with others may be damaged through research (Drake ,2011). One of the main problem in research in social science is that children’s views and opinions are not given much importance and usually there is much large manipulation of the researcher in their research (Miles,2011). This was argued by (Clark et al. 2005) he states that children should be seen as’ beings’ whose opinions and understanding are vital in to listen to and not as adults in the making. Childhood studies research emphasizes the need to recognise children as agents not objects to represent children’s voice and to have children properly involved in all stages of research†(Gregory et al 2005,p. 98). Informed consent is vital when it comes to research involved with children, as Informed consent is required to protect privacy. Informed consent documents too guarantee that their identities will be protected. Such assurances protect them from blackmail, personal attacks and awkwardness (Sieber 1992). Children require the same level of freedom as adults to refuse participation. Sieber,1982). â€Å"Children who are incapable of giving assent should not be allowed to participate because their participation uses them for the benefit of the society at large while threatening their partially actualized and developing personhood. †(Ross,1998:97). Although a child’s assent alone is not sufficient to carry out the research but parental permission is essential while researching children to ensure protection of the child from possible abuse that could happen during the research process. (Ross,1988). Nelson ,2006) also supports the argument by stating child’s assent can only be used in conjunction with the parental consent. Lansdown (1994) supports the above discussion by stating that children are vulnerable because of their physical weakness and lack of knowledge and experience which allows them to depend upon the adults around them as well as their total lack of political and financial power and their lack of social rights. Factors contributing to the vulnerability of children include the motivations of parents and guardians who enter children into research ( Kirk 2007, Paulson 2006). Another issue that could be faced by children in research according to (Fraser et al, 2004) and Kirk (2007) is the power imbalance between the researcher and the children , but this could be overcome through helping the child to become a part of the research team as well as to make the child to be aware of the reason for participation in the research and to give the child the sense of control by reviewing or repeating to the child how to withdraw if the child doesn’t feels comfortable in the study. (Fraser et al, 2004). Time and flexibility are the key things that is required when researching children and to ensure that the participant have full understanding of the research ( Greene Hogan 2005). There are laws supporting the rights of a child . (Landown,1994).. The law supports the child’s opportunity to be heard in any judicial or governmental procedures affecting the child. The law came into being in 1990 due to the high demand children’s voice to solve or understand the issues that affect them. The law has provided a major move in appreciation of children as participants in the society. Landown,1994). BPS code of conduct ethical principles states that approval of children to take part in research should be obtained from parents/ guardians as children are considered along side with the adults with impairments’ but there is no mention given to obtain consent for children with impairments. (Minkes et al,1994 ). Another issue in social science research is the sensitive research that often researchers do not effectively address the possible emotional and psychological harm that may result from research that draws strong emotional reactions Lee Renzetti,( 1993). One of the main risks in any research is the effect of a violation of confidentiality. Depending on the sensitivity of the focused area in research, extra care should be taken to guarantee that participants could not be acknowledged. Maintaining the confidentiality is fundamental to ethical research, Kellett (2011)confirmation of research confidentiality can be given about the anonymity of the data, by removing the names of the participant and any identifying information, to meet the concerns of the child and responsible adult. It is suggested that written information should always be provided for the child and responsible adult, and a contact information should be given if they wish to contact the researchers later on. Kellett(2011) Eliminating names and other obvious identifiers does not assure anonymity as sometimes the demographic information can identify participants if the sample size is small. Buchanan (2007) also supports this argument that anonymity cannot be certain as postings can be traced via online search engines. Qualitative method of listening to the participant by exploring and examining their natural environment while conducting research can be one of the best ways to collect quality information especially from children( Willig ,2001). Punch (1994) States ethical failures in qualitative research scarcely occur. Behavior can be viewed directly through some kind of organized observation Focus groups tend to be increasingly successful with children, as children tend to be comfortable and familiar with the process of conversing matters in groups. (Morgan et al. , 2002). Focus groups can be appreciated for their ability to address inherent power differences that can develop in other forms of research such as interviews or questionnaire . (Morgan Gibbs 2002) . One of the main advantage of focus groups is that it enables and allows children to discuss and express their insights into certain topic and their , understandings and experiences. (Barbour Kitzinger,2001)Classroom based focus groups helps to create an informal environment and not school work based which could encouraged their positive contributions to the research study. Although the main disadvantage of focus groups for children according to (Barbour Kitzinger,2001) is that some children take part in the research only for a temporary escape from the classroom . Taking part in focus groups can be an enjoyable experience for children as they explore issues of interest with others who might share common elements of personal knowledge and understanding (Kennedy, Kools, Kruger, 2001) Finally I can conclude is that research with children offers no easy paths but opinion of a child is important for our research of the society as children are a vital part in the construction of the society. The ethical principle that guides us with research with children demands that the research participant must be protected and that any research is necessary to improve our knowledge and understanding of children. This means that research-involving children cannot be ignored, just because we find it difficult to get them to respond in a manner set out by adults. How to cite Critically explore some of the issues that should be considered when conducting research in social science, Essays